Monday, December 14, 2015

Human Development Report 2009 Turkey

Human Development Report 2009

Turkey

The Human Development Index - going beyond income

Each year since 1990 the Human Development Report has published the human development index (HDI) which looks beyond GDP to a broader definition of well-being. The HDI provides a composite measure of three dimensions of human development: living a long and healthy life (measured by life expectancy), being educated (measured by adult literacy and gross enrolment in education) and having a decent standard of living (measured by purchasing power parity, PPP, income). The index is not in any sense a comprehensive measure of human development. It does not, for example, include important indicators such as gender or income inequality nor more difficult to measure concepts like respect for human rights and political freedoms. What it does provide is a broadened prism for viewing human progress and the complex relationship between income and well-being.
Of the components of the HDI, only income and gross enrolment are somewhat responsive to short term policy changes. For that reason, it is important to examine changes in the human development index over time. The human development index trends tell an important story in that respect. Between 1980 and 2007 Turkey's HDI rose by 0.93% annually from 0.628 to 0.806 today. HDI scores in all regions have increased progressively over the years (Figure 1) although all have experienced periods of slower growth or even reversals.
Figure 1: HDI Trends
This year's HDI, which refers to 2007, highlights the very large gaps in well-being and life chances that continue to divide our increasingly interconnected world. The HDI for Turkey is 0.806, which gives the country a rank of 79th out of 182 countries with data (Table 1).
Table 1: Turkey’s human development index 2007
HDI value
Life expectancy at birth
(years)
Adult literacy rate
(% ages 15 and above)
Combined gross enrolment ratio
(%)
GDP per capita
(PPP US$)
1. Norway (0.971)
1. Japan (82.7)
1. Georgia (100.0)
1. Australia (114.2)
1. Liechtenstein (85,382)
77. Colombia (0.807)
84. Lebanon (71.9)
75. Dominican Republic (89.1)
103. United Arab Emirates (71.4)
61. Malaysia (13,518)
78. Peru (0.806)
85. Lithuania (71.8)
76. Bahrain (88.8)
104. Maldives (71.3)
62. Argentina (13,238)
79. Turkey (0.806)
86. Turkey (71.7)
77. Turkey (88.7)
105. Turkey (71.1)
63. Turkey (12,955)
80. Ecuador (0.806)
87. Tonga (71.7)
78. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (88.1)
106. Tajikistan (70.9)
64. Romania (12,369)
81. Mauritius (0.804)
88. Paraguay (71.7)
79. Dominica (88.0)
107. Botswana (70.6)
65. Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) (12,156)
182. Niger (0.340)
176. Afghanistan (43.6)
151. Mali (26.2)
177. Djibouti (25.5)
181. Congo (Democratic Republic of the) (298)
By looking at some of the most fundamental aspects of people’s lives and opportunities the HDI provides a much more complete picture of a country's development than other indicators, such as GDP per capita. Figure 2 illustrates that countries on the same level of HDI can have very different levels of income or that countries with similar levels of income can have very different HDIs.
Figure 2: The human development index gives a more complete picture than income

Human poverty: focusing on the most deprived in multiple dimensions of poverty

The HDI measures the average progress of a country in human development. The Human Poverty Index (HPI-1), focuses on the proportion of people below certain threshold levels in each of the dimensions of the human development index - living a long and healthy life, having access to education, and a decent standard of living. By looking beyond income deprivation, the HPI-1 represents a multi-dimensional alternative to the $1.25 a day (PPP US$) poverty measure.
The HPI-1 value of 8.3% for Turkey, ranks 40th among 135 countries for which the index has been calculated.
The HPI-1 measures severe deprivation in health by the proportion of people who are not expected to survive to age 40. Education is measured by the adult illiteracy rate. And a decent standard of living is measured by the unweighted average of people not using an improved water source and the proportion of children under age 5 who are underweight for their age. Table 2 shows the values for these variables for Turkeyand compares them to other countries.

Table 2: Selected indicators of human poverty for Turkey
Human Poverty Index
(HPI-1)
Probability of not surviving to age 40
(%)
Adult illiteracy rate
(%ages 15 and above)
People not using an improved water source
(%)
Children underweight for age
(% aged under 5)
1. Czech Republic (1.5)
1. Hong Kong, China (SAR) (1.4)
1. Georgia (0.0)
1. Barbados (0)
1. Croatia (1)
38. Ecuador (7.9)
48. Samoa (5.6)
75. Dominican Republic (10.9)
33. Saint Lucia (2)
16. Algeria (4)
39. Bahrain (8.0)
49. Belize (5.6)
76. Bahrain (11.2)
34. Thailand (2)
17. Argentina (4)
40. Turkey (8.3)
50. Turkey (5.7)
77. Turkey (11.3)
35. Turkey (3)
18. Turkey (4)
41. Thailand (8.5)
51. Philippines (5.7)
78. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (11.9)
36. Russian Federation (3)
19. Lebanon (4)
42. Uzbekistan (8.5)
52. Lithuania (5.7)
79. Dominica (12.0)
37. Dominica (3)
20. Tunisia (4)
135. Afghanistan (59.8)
153. Lesotho (47.4)
151. Mali (73.8)
150. Afghanistan (78)
138. Bangladesh (48)

Building the capabilities of women

The HDI measures average achievements in a country, but it does not incorporate the degree of gender imbalance in these achievements. The gender-related development index (GDI), introduced in Human Development Report 1995, measures achievements in the same dimensions using the same indicators as the HDI but captures inequalities in achievement between women and men. It is simply the HDI adjusted downward for gender inequality. The greater the gender disparity in basic human development, the lower is a country's GDI relative to its HDI.
Turkey's GDI value, 0.788 should be compared to its HDI value of 0.806. Its GDI value is 97.8% of its HDI value. Out of the 155 countries with both HDI and GDI values, 125 countries have a better ratio than Turkey's.
Table 3 shows how Turkey’s ratio of GDI to HDI compares to other countries, and also shows its values for selected underlying indicators in the calculation of the GDI.
Table 3: The GDI compared to the HDI – a measure of gender disparity
GDI as % of HDI
Life expectancy at birth
(years)
2004
Adult literacy rate
(% ages 15 and older)
2004
Combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio
2004


Female as % male
Female as % male
Female as % male
1. Mongolia (100.0%)
1. Russian Federation (121.7%)
1. Lesotho (122.5%)
1. Cuba (121.0%)
124. Bhutan (97.7%)
74. Mauritania (107.1%)
99. Syrian Arab Republic (85.2%)
144. Congo (89.1%)
125. Cuba (97.7%)
75. Austria (107.1%)
100. Liberia (84.5%)
145. Cambodia (88.2%)
126. Turkey (97.7%)
76. Turkey (107.0%)
101. Turkey (84.5%)
146. Turkey (87.6%)
127. Guinea (97.7%)
77. Comoros (107.0%)
102. Rwanda (83.7%)
147. Morocco (86.1%)
128. Lebanon (97.7%)
78. Germany (106.9%)
103. Tanzania (United Republic of) (83.4%)
148. Korea (Republic of) (85.7%)
155. Afghanistan (88.0%)
190. Swaziland (98.0%)
145. Afghanistan (29.2%)
175. Afghanistan (55.6%)
The gender empowerment measure (GEM) reveals whether women take an active part in economic and political life. It tracks the share of seats in parliament held by women; of female legislators, senior officials and managers; and of female professional and technical workers- and the gender disparity in earned income, reflecting economic independence. Differing from the GDI, the GEM exposes inequality in opportunities in selected areas.
Turkey ranks 101st out of 109 countries in the GEM, with a value of 0.379.

Migration

Every year, millions of people cross national or international borders seeking better living standards. Most migrants, internal and international, reap gains in the form of higher incomes, better access to education and health, and improved prospects for their children. Most of the world’s 195 million international migrants have moved from one developing country to another or between developed countries.
Turkey has an emigration rate of 4.2%. The major continent of destination for migrants from Turkeyis Europe with 84.0% of emigrants living there.
Table 4: Emigrants
Origin of migrants
Emigration rate (%)
Major continent of destination for migrants
(%)
1. Antigua and Barbuda
45.3
Asia
46.6
13. Bosnia and Herzegovina
25.1
Europe
82.7
94. Poland
5.1
Europe
53.3
100. Romania
4.6
Europe
57.4
108. Turkey
4.2
Europe
84.0
116. Hungary
3.9
Europe
48.6
120. Czech Republic
3.5
Europe
66.9
181. Mongolia
0.3
Europe
40.7
Global aggregates
Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS
9.5
Europe
69.9
High human development
6.0
Europe
43.8
OECD
3.9
Northern America
41.2
World
3.0
Europe
33.4
The United States is host to nearly 40 million international migrants – more than any other country though as a share of total population it is Qatarwhich has the most migrants – more than 4 in every 5 people are migrants. In Turkey, there are 1,333.9 thousand migrants which represent 1.9% of the total population.
Table 5: Immigrants
Destination of migrants
Immigrant stock (thousands)
Destination of migrants
Immigrants as a share of population (%) 2005
1. United States
39,266.5
1. Qatar
80.5
2. Russian Federation
12,079.6
20. Kazakhstan
19.6
9. Ukraine
5,390.6
111. Slovakia
2.3
14. Kazakhstan
2,973.6
118. Poland
2.2
30. Turkey
1,333.9
126. Turkey
1.9
32. Uzbekistan
1,267.8
135. Bulgaria
1.3
36. Belarus
1,106.9
148. Bosnia and Herzegovina
0.9
165. Malta
11.7
155. Romania
0.6
182. Vanuatu
1.0
182. China
0.0
Global aggregates
Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS
30,993.2
Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS
5.1
OECD
97,622.8
OECD
8.4
High human development
38,078.0
High human development
3.8
World
195,245.4
World
3.0

Remittances

Remittances, which are usually sent to immediate family members who have stayed behind, are among the most direct benefits from migration; their benefits spread broadly into local economies. They also serve as foreign exchange earnings for the origin countries of migrants. However, remittances are unequally distributed. Of the total US$370 billion remitted in 2007, more than half went to countries in the medium human development category against less than one per cent to low human development countries. In 2007, US$1,209 million in remittances were sent to Turkey. Average remittances per person were US$16, compared with the average for Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS of US$114. (See Table 6 for more details.)
Table 6: Remittances
Total remittance inflows
(US$ millions)
Remittances per capita
(US$)
1. India
35,262
1. Luxembourg
3,355
7. Poland
10,496
7. Bosnia and Herzegovina
640
57. Czech Republic
1,332
103. Belarus
37
58. Azerbaijan
1,287
108. Russian Federation
29
61. Turkey
1,209
124. Turkey
16
64. Albania
1,071
129. Kazakhstan
14
70. Armenia
846


131. Malta
40


157. Burundi
0
157. Burundi
0
Global aggregates
Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS
49,618
Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS
114
OECD
124,520
OECD
108
High human development
92,453
High human development
101
World
370,765
World
58


Turkeywas mentioned in the Report in pages 27, 33, 38, 42, 59, 60, 82, 90, 115, and 116.
Use this link to access the complete set of country data.
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